BioFertilizers
(A Training Manual)

THLAITE TAN AZOTOBACTER LEH AZOSPIRILLUM BIOFERTILIZER

AZOTOBACTER : Azotobacter biofertilizer hian Azotobacter bacteria nung sang tam tak a nei a. Heng bacteria te hi boruak a awm chi Nitrogen siam thei an ni. Azotobacter biofertilizer te hi thlai eng pawh, be lam chi ni lo (non-legume) ah a hman theih a. Thlai chi nena pawlhin emaw, thlai tiak tir zung a chiahin emaw; lei a pawlhin emaw pawh leiah an in thlahpung zung zung a, a bik takin thlai zung bulah an awm ber thin. An chaw tur chu thil nung thi tawih leh thlai zung atanga an eitur chhuak atang te in a hmu a, hetiang an lo pun deuh deuh hian lei leh Nitrogen awm te thlai ei theih turin an lo siam a, chung chu, thlai zung ten an lo hip chho thin a ni. Nitrogen an siam chhuah bakah heng bacteria te hian thlai thanna tur Indole Acetic acid, gibberellic acid lehcytokinins te an siam chhuak thei bawk. Hei bakah hian natna do theihna (antibiotic) ang deuh an siam chhuak a, chu chuan lei atanga thlai natna kai theih chi lakah a veng thei. Azotobacter te hi boruak awmna-ah chauh an awm theih avangin lei thuahthip lutuk lo, boruak tamna-ah an thawh tur ang an thawk thei chauh a ni.

A hlawkna : Enchhinna tam tak atangin Azotobacter biofertilizer pek hian Nitrogen 15-25 Kg/Ha./season an siam thei. A fang nei chi te chu 10-20% in a ti thar hlawk a, thlai than chak dan leh a hnah tam lam te 10-30% in a ti pung bawk a. Mahse hei hi thlai chin a zir leh lei a thil thi tawih awm tam leh tam lovah a innghat nasa em em a ni.

AZOSPIRILLUM : Azospirillum biofertilizer hi Azospirillum bacteria nung tam tak nei a ni a. Azotobacter ang chiah hian Azospirillum biofertilizer te hi thlai eng pawh (non-legume), a dam rei chi leh dam rei lo chi nen a tih pawlh tur a ni. Heng bacteria te hian boruak tlemna deuh lei pawh an ngam avangin lei tak deuh leh tui tamna-ah an awm tha duh mah mah zawk a ni. Lei, tuiin a chiah rengna pawh rei vak lo chhung chu an tuar thei a. Thlai chi emaw, thlai tiak zung emaw lei nen emaw a pawlhin leiah an inthlahpung thuai a, chumi hnuah thlai zung pawn lam leh chhung lam thlengin a tai darh thuai thin. Hemi awmzia chu thlai zung atanga eitur lo chhuak chu heng bacteria te hian an ring a, an ni in thlai chawm let nan Nitrogen an siam sak ve thung a ni.

A hlawkna : Azospirillum thatna leh hlawkna te hi Azotobacter tluk deuh thaw a ni a, mahse, Nitrogen te thlai zung hnaih chilh takah an siam avangin thlai ten Nitrogen siam chhuah sa ang ang te chu an hmang tangkai bik em em a ni. Mithiamten an chhut danin Azospirillum biofertilizer hian thlai chin pawlh tan Nitrogen 20-35 Kg/ha. a siam sak bakah fang nei chi thlai leh a than chak zawng 20-30% in a ti pung bawk.

An hnathawh dan : Azotobacter/Azospirillum te thlai chi-ah emaw, thlai tiak zungah emaw leiah emaw hman/pawlh an nih hian thlai zung bul vel ah an in thlah pung thuai thin. Heng thil nung te hian thlai zung bul an ngaina in a zul zelin an awm thin. Azos- pirillum te chu thlai zung bawmin an awm deuh ber a, Azotobacter erawh chu thlai zung bul velah an awm thin. Lei a thlai/rannung thi tawh te leh thlai zung atanga an ei theih chi, lo chhuak thin atang te in chaw an hmu ber a, anni pawhin thlai tan Nitrogen an siam sak thin. He Nitrogen, boruak atanga an lak hi heng thilnung taksa (cell) chhungah hian inthlahpun nan an hmang tangkai phawt a, an tam lam chuan a tawp a thlen hnuah chumi vawng reng tur chuan an thi then a, an inthlahpung belh reng bawk a ni. Hetianga an lo thih then hian bacteria thi te a Nitrogen awm sa chu leiah an lo awm ta a, chu chu thlai zungin a lo hip thin a ni. Nitrogen siam bakah, heng thil nung (bacteria) te hian thlai than nan a an chaw tha leh Vitamins te an siam bawk thin. Azotobacter te hian antibiotics an siam a, chu chuan lei atanga natna inkaichhawn theih lakah thlai te an venghim bawk a. Heng an hnathawh zawng zawngte avang hian thlai tan an tangkai em em a ni.

Azotobacter leh Azospirillum hman dan : Heng rannung te hi an mahni a awm ve tawp thei an nih avangin hman an awlsam em em a. Thlai chin tur leh a lei mil a hman dan tur chu a hnuaia tarlan ang hi a ni.

Thlai atan :

Lei atan :

1.  Tlangramah thlai chin a nih a, a lei chu thawl deuh hlek (Lei tak, tiau nen inpawlh), lei tha pai hnem, thur lam pang mah mah a nih chuan Azotobacter hman tur.

2.  Thlai chinna chu tlangram emaw awih tlan leh phaizawla chin pawh nise, a lei chu tlak lei lam pawl mah, thur lo, al lo, tui pai hnem tak a nih chuan Azospirillum hman tur.

3.  Lei inpawlh mawi tawk tak, a awmzia hriat chian vak loh a nih chuan Azotobacter leh Azospirillum te hi a inzat (50:50) in hman tur.

 A chunga mi bakah hian, lo neih dan hmang leh thlai chin/tihpun dan a zirin, Azotobacter leh Azospirillum te hi hman dan a hrang leh a :

(a) Thlai chi nen a pawlhin

(b) Thlai tiak zung chiah

(c) Thlai tihpun dan kawng dang - a kung tan, a kung zawm, budding, a zung hmawr chiah etc.

(d) Lei nen a pawlh.

Hriatreng tur : A tha berah chuan Azotobacter leh Azospirillum leitha te hi phosphatika leitha te nen a inzat in hman thin tur a ni.

Thlai in Azotobacter biofertilizer a that pui dan : Thlai chi hrang hrang ten Azotobacter an that pui dan hi a tlangpuiin a fang thar tam lamah emaw a thar chak zawng emaw in teh a ni ber a. Damdawi hmanga Nitogen siam, thlai tan a pek an nih erawh chuan Nitrogen pek zat a zira a thar tam lam (grain + growth) chhut a ni thin. Tunhnaideuhva khawvel hmun hrang hranga enchhinna an neih atangin thlai tena Azotobacter leitha an hlawkpui dan chu a tlangpuiin 40% leh fang thar tam lam ah chuan pawimawh tham vak lo a ni ber a. A chawhrualin fang thar tam lam hi 10% velin a pung a, a thar zawng zawng (A kung, a hnah etc.) erawh chu 12-15% velin a pung a ni. Azotobacter hman hlawkna hmun hrang hranga an neih leh Nation Project in an report dan chu a hnuai table-6 ah hian tarlan a ni.

Table - 6 : National Project on Biofertilizers in All India Level a Azotobacter hlawkna en chhinna a neih report.

Thlai ten Azospirillum biofertilizer an hman tangkai dan :

Azospirillum tam tawk te hian Nitrogen an siam chhuah zat chiah leh thlai ten an hman zat chiah hichhut la ni chiah lo mahse, enchhinna tam tak atangin thlai te hian 15-30% velin an thar hlawk phah a ni. Enchhinna pakhat atangin Nitrogen siam chawp Kg 40 leh Azospirillum hman kawp hian Nitrogen siam chawp ringawt Kg 60 nen a intluk vel niin an report a. Hemi awmzia chu fang nei chi thlai (Wheat, Buh, Vaimim leh Sorghum) a Azospirillum hman hian Nitrogen siam chawp Kg 20-25 vel a tluk a ni. Azotobacter leh Azospirillum te hnathawh that nan chuan Rhizobium tan a thil tul leh tangkai te ang kha a pawimawh ve tho a ni.

ACETOBACTER BIOFERTILIZER

 Acetobacter biofertilizer hi Fu atana Nitrogen hman tangkai kawngah tun hnai lawk a an hman lar thar a ni a. He thilnung Rod anga kawm, boruak awmna chauh va nung thei hi Brazil ah an hmuchhuak hmasa ber a. Brazil ah hian Fu chinna hmun zau tak; lei chhe bawk si, Phosphate leh Potash chauh pekna thin a awm a. Heng hmunah hian Fu chi thenkhat te chuan Fu Hectare khatah ton 200 vel an thar thei a ni. An Nitrogen eiral zawng zawng chu Kg 130/Ha. a ni a. Heng avang hian thil pawimawh tak Nitrogen siam thei an awm ni a rin a ni. Zirchianna atangin Acetobacter diazo- trophicus, Herbaspirillum seropedicae, Herbaspirillum subsisbal- bicans te chu hnahah te, a kung leh zungah te an awm tih hmuh- chhuah a ni ta a. Chung zingah chuan Acetobacter diazotrophicus chu Fu chinna atana hman zui zel tur a thlan a lo ni ta a ni.

 Acetobacter diazotrophicus chi khat hian chithlum (Sugar) gram khat zel atan 20 mg Nitrogen a siam a chhut a ni. Fu leh he bacteria inlaichinna zirchianna atangin Acetobacter diazotrophicus hian hectare khat zelah Nitrogen Kg. 300 vel laia tam a siam thei a, hei hian Nitrogen siam chawp hmanna tur tam takin a ti tlem thei a ni.

A hman dan tur : Acetobacter hi thlai timur/taksa chhunga lut a hnathawk a nih vangin chutiang taka awmtur a a hman dan tur pawh fimkhur tur a ni. Lei nena pawlh a hman mai hi chuan Fu hian a hlawkpui em em hran lova, amaherawhchu, he bacteria hian Fu zung pem/hliam atangin emaw a lin tur chang te VA-mycorrhiza nena enkawl hmasak emaw chuan Futimur chhungah an lut in hna an thawk thei chauh a ni.

A tha berah chuan, Acetobacter hman tur a siam 5 Kg hi tui tak tawkah chawh ral a, chutah chuan Fu chang lin tur te chu minutes 30-60 vel chiah tur a ni a, he Fu chang tan chhum hmawr atang hian heng bacteria te hi an lut ta a ni. Bacteria leh Fu cell chhunga an lo nun a an inthlahpun that tawh chuan heng Fu te hi lin darh atana hman theih tawh a ni.

PHOSPHATE SIAMTU BIOFERTILIZER (PHOSPHATIKA)

 Phosphate siamtu kan tih mai phosphatika hi bacteria leh fungi chi hrang hrang chawh pawlh a ni a. Bacteria zinga lar deuh te chu Bacillus polymyna leh Pseudomonas striata te an ni a, Fungi-ah chuan Asperigillus niger. Penicillium digitatum leh Schwanniomyces occidentalis te an ni. Thlai ten an mamawh dan a zirin leh, a lei awm dan a zirin heng thilnung chi hrang hrangte hi chawhpawlh an ni.

A hnathawh dan : Phosphatika hi thlai chi nen a pawlh emaw, thlai tiak zung chiah, in emaw lei nen a pawlhin emaw a hman hian thlai zung leh a bul vel leiah te an inthlahpung thuai a. Hetianga an lo awm hian anmahni hian thil thur (Organic acid) tam tak citric acid te, fumaric acid te, glutamic acid te leh ketogluteric acid te an siam a. Heng organic acid te hian mineral phosphates leh phos- phorylated mineral te hi Ca+2 leh Al+3 cationste nena inchawh- pawlhin thil danga chang leh thei tawh lo tur (chelation) an siam a, chuta tang chuan Orthophosphate an siam leh thin a ni. Phosphorus hman tangkai kawnga an hnathawh bakah hian, thlai natna damdawi chikhat leh thlai than duhna tuihnang siam kawngah an tangkai em em a ni.

A thatna te : Laboratory leh pawn lam a zirchianna tam tak atangin phosphatika biofertilizer hman hian P2O5 hman zat hi 30-60% in a pung a, a thar pawh 10-20% in a pun phah a ni. Thlai hmuna rock phosphate leh phosphatika pek a nih hian thlai thar tam lam chu Single Superphosphate (P2O5) Kg. 40 pek in, a thar tam lam nen a intluk vel a ni.

Phosphatika leh Nitrogen siamtu biofertilizer hman kawp : Thlai chaw lei a awmte a tangkai thei ang bera hmang tur chuan Nitrogen siamtu leh Phosphatika siamtu thil nung chi hrang hrang te hman pawlh hi tha bera ngaih a ni a. Heng Nitrogen siamtu leh Phosphate siamtu te hman pawlh hi a that lohna enchhin a ni thin a, mahse a thatlohna aiin a tangkaina hmuh chhuah zel a ni a. Heng thil nung te hman pawlh hian Be lam chi (Legume) leh Rhizobium inlaichinna atana tanpui bakah Azotobacter leh Azospirillum te thlai zung bul vel a an awm tam na ah a tanpui nasa hle a ni.

A hman dan : Kan sawi tawh angin, thilnung te hmanga Nitrogen leh Phosphorus tam tak pe chhuak tur chuan heng biofertilizers te hi a inpawlh tawk a thiam a ngai hle a. Phosphatika leitha te hi Nitrogen siamtu leitha (Rhizobium, Azotobacter leh Azospirillum) te nen hian a inzatin hman tur a ni a, a hman dan tur chu a hma a kan sawi tak ang kha a ni.

Phosphatika leitha hman kawnga thil pawimawh te :

Temperature : Phosphate Solubilizer (PS) thil nung te awm nan a tha ber chu 28-32° a ni a. Mahse Fungi lam pang chuan (Azospirillum niger) temperature 37° laia sang pawh a tuar thei. Temperature 20° aia hniam chuan an than dan ah leh an hnathawh kawngah a ti thuanawp thei em em a ni. Mahse, hetianga lei chung boruaka nih pawh hian leichhung thlai zung bulah chuan heng thilnung te hi an in thlahpungin hna an thawk thei tho a ni.

pH : Lei thur leh thur loh hian phosphate siam kawng ah hmun pawimawh tak a nei a. Hemi atan hian leithur lam 6-7.5 hi phosphate siamtu bacteria te tan a tha ber a, Phosphate siamtu fungi tan erawh chuan leithur lam pang pH6 aia hniam hi a tha zawk mah mah a ni.

Thlai/Rannung thi tawih : Heng te hian Phosphorus lei a awm hman theih tura siam kawngah nasa takin a tanpui a. Lei ah heng thil tawih leh lei dur te hi an awm loh chuan Phosphorus siam thei tu thil nung te reuh te te chu thlai zung bul hnai ah chauh an awm thin.

Damdawi hmanga thlai ven himna : Phosphorus siam theitu thil nung te hi heng damdawi te a hman tur zat ang taka hman chuan a tibuai vak lova. Hlo tur te pawh hi heng rannung tan hian a pawi vak lova ngaih a ni. Rannung laka thlai venna damdawi Phorate 10G erawh hi chuan rei vak lo chhung chu heng Phosphorus siamtu thil nung te than dan leh hnathawh dan a ti thuanawp a, Carbofuran 3G erawh hi chuan thil pawi a thlen lem lo.

Thlai chi vawnhimna damdawi : Thiram, Captan leh Bavistin te hian hmuar lam pang Phosphorus siam thei tur te than dan leh damchhuah theihna lam a khawihpawi thei em em a; Phosphorus siamtu bacteria lam tan erawh chuan an inthlahpun dana tichak lovin an hnathawh a timuang deuh chauh a ni.

VA-MYCORRHIZAL BIOFERTILIZER

 Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAMF) kan tih te hi thil dang nunna ringa lei a awm ve chi hmuar chi khat an ni a. A tlangpuiin heng ho hi thlai te, thei lam te leh thing leh mau zungah te awmin an nunna an ring ve thin a ni. An lo taidarh a an awm nghehdeuh hnuah chuan chung an nunna atana anrin thlai leh thing tan chuan tui leh thlai chaw tha lak chhoh kawngah te, a bik takin Phosphorus lak luh kawngah nasa takin an tanpui thin. VAMF te hman hi North East Region atan hian a pawimawh em em a, a chhanchu North East Region a lei tam zawk te hi an thur deuh vek avangin Phosphorus an tlachham nasa em em a ni.

VAMF leh thlai inlaichin dan : VAMF te hi thil dang nunna ring ringawta awm nimahse, thlai te nena an inlaichin dan hi chu leh lam ve ve tana hlawk (Symbiotic) an ni a, a chhan chu heng hmuar chi ho tan hian thlai te hian chaw an pe chhuak a, chumi rulh let ve nan chuan heng thil nung (hmuar) ho hian thlai zung tan Phosphorus an siam ve leh thin a ni. Heng thilnung te hi thlai nen an lo inrintawn hnu hian, Ip/Bawm te tak te te (arbuscules leh vesicules) an siam a. Heng bawm te (vesicles) te hi an chaw dah that na a ni ber a, arbuscules te erawh hi chu Carbohydrates leh Phosphates vel inthleng kualna atan an hmang. Heng hmuar chi ho hi thlaizung nen inbelhbawmin, zung thui tak leh tai darh nasa tak an siam thuai a. Heng zung taidarh zau tak avang hian thlai te hian chawtha, tui leh Phosphorus tam zawk an lak luh theih phah ta a ni.

VAMF leh thlai inpawlh tangkaina te : VAMF thlai than nan an tangkaina hi tam tak a awm thei a, a pawimawh berah chuan Phosphorus tam zawk lak luh theihna hi a ni awm e. Pawn lam a kal chhuak tur zung (hyphae) te chuan phosphate ion tam tak, thlai tan a hman mai theih si loh te chu hip khawmin, hman theih turin an siam a, chumi hnuah thlai an pe chhawng ve leh thin. Enchhinna tam takin an fiah danin VAMF tam tak tak na ah chuan Phosphorus lak luh zawng zawg 80% vel hi VAMF zung (hyphae) awm vang a ni an ti. Hei bak ah hian, thlai, VAMF in a awm chilh te chuan a hnuaia tarlan te hi an nei thin :

(a) Khawro leh khawkheng do theihna.

(b) Thlai chaw tha tlem te te chauhva mamawh chi (micronutrients) an la lut tha zawk.

(c) Be lam chi (Legumes) leh Rhizobium chin pawlh an lo nihin, Nitrogen siam na tura bawk te te (nodules) siam kawngah an tanpui.

(d) Natna do theihna a tipung.

VAMF leh thlai te : Khawvel pum huap hmun hrang hrang atanga enchhinna an neih atangin heng thlai chi hrang hrang Be lam chi, fang nei chi, Alu, Clover leh Lucerne te tana VAMF tangkaina hi finfiah a ni tawh a. Thlai chin a zirin leh, an thar dan a zirin VAMF hman theih chi te hna thawh hlawk dan a inang lova, a tlangpuiin fang nei chi ho chu 7-103% in an thar hlawk a, thlai hnah zung leh a kung thar chi erawh chu 35-400% in a thar hlawk thei.

VAMF leh thei lam leh sum chang thlai (Horticultural Crops) Thlai rah chi hrang hrang te, thei lam te, sumchang thlai te, pangpar lam leh nauban chi te leh VAMF hman kawp zirchianna tam tak atang pawhin result tha tak tak hmuh chhuah a ni zel a ni. VAMF tangkaina te hi a hnuai table ah hian tarlan a ni.

VAMF hman dan : VAMF biofertilizers (leitha) te hi lei nena chawhpawlh tur leh ken awlsam, tur chi, a chi nung (Spore) anga siam te a ni deuh ber a. Heng te hi thlai chi nena pawlhin emaw a chi kuitiahna (nursery bed) a lei nena pawlhin emaw hman theih a ni.

Table - 7 : Thei lam leh hel ei chi thlai ten VAMF hman an hlawkpui dan.

BIOFERTILIZERS HMANGCHANG

Biofertilizers hman tur thlan dan : Biofertilizers hman dawn hian, inkawp rem tur thlan thiam a pawimawh hle a. Nitrogen leh Phosphorus tam tak siam chhuak tur chuan Nitrogen siamtu biofertilizers leh phosphate siamtu (phosphatika) te hi a inzat a hman tur a ni.

(a)  Be lam chi thlai leh Nitrogen siam thei hriak pai chi tan : Dal chi hrang hrang te, Be kawm nei chi hrang hrang - Be thu, Behliang, Badam, Bekang, Berseem, Lucerne leh Bean chi hrang hrang te tan chuan Rhizobium leh Phosphatika te hi a inzatin thlai chi nen a pawlh tur a ni. Heta tan hian Rhizobium hman tur hi thlai chin tur nen a inmil tur a ni.

(b) Be lam ni lo thlai dang zawng zawng : Fang nei chi hrang hrang te (Buh, Wheat, Barley, Oats, Bajra etc), Antam, Chhawhchhi, Niger, Purun sen, Alu, Fu, La etc. te leh thlai rah hel ei chi leh ran chaw te, sum chang thlai leh thei lam te tan a lei a zirin a hnuaia mi ang hi hman tur a ni.

• Lei thawl lam pang, entirnan, lei thil leh tiau te, lei tak lam pawl deuh, tui pai tlem theiah chuan Azotobacter leh Phosphatika inzat a hman tur.

• Lei tak tha tak, tlak lei lam deuh vah, tui pai tam chi emaw, tui in a chim deuh rengah te chuan Azospirillum leh Phosphatika te a inzat a hman tur.

• Lei chu lei tak deuh leh tui pai ve thei deuh tak, thur lam deuh a nih chuan Azotobacter leh Azospirillum leh Phosphatika te chu 1:1:2 ratio in hman tur a ni.




A hman dan tur : Biofertilizers chi hrang hrang te hi chi thumin a hman theih a :

1. Thlai chi pawlh atan : Nitrogen siam thei te leh Phosphatika Biofertilizer te chu 200 gms ve ve in tui 300 - 400 ml. ah pawlh tur a ni. He tui siam hi thlai chin tur chi, 10 - 12 Kg. ah leihluh a, kut a nuai pawlh tur a ni. Chutiang a enkawl tawh thlai chi te chu hmun daihlim a dah ro hnuah chin nghal vat tur a ni. Lei thur atan chuan chutianga thlai chi enkawl tawh te chu chinai thi Kg. 1 nen pawlh leh phawt a tha.

2. Thlai tiak zung chiahah : Nitrogen siamtu (Azotobacter/ Azospirillum) leh Phosphatika biofertilizer te chu 1 - 2 Kg ve ve in tui litre 5 - 10 ah chawh pawlh tur a ni a. He miah hian thlai tiak tir zung te chu minute 20 - 30 vel chiah tur a ni. Buh atan chuan, Lei 2m x 1.5m x 0.15m a zau leh sang siam a. Chutah chuan tui inches 2 a sang a chim turin Azospirillum leh Phosphatika te chu Kg. 2 ve ve pawlh tur a ni. Chumi hnuah chuan Buh tiak zungte chu zankhua (8 - 12 hours) chiah a, phun sawn chauh tur a ni.

3. Lei nena pawlh : Acre khata thlai awm zat a zirin Azotobacter/Azospirillum te chu 2 - 4 Kg leh Phosphatika 2 - 4 Kg hman tur a ni. Heng biofertilizer chi hnih te hi tui litre 2 - 4 ve ve ah a hrana pawlha; chu mi hnuah lei dur Kg. 50 - 100; a hran a chhun vum ve veah pawlh tur a ni. Chutia leitha dur a pawlh hnu chuan zankhua a chiah tur a ni. Darkar 12 hnu ah heng leitha dur te hi tha taka chawhpawlh tur a ni. Lei thur atan chuan chinai thi Kg. 25 pawlh bawk tur a ni. Sumchang thlai te tan chuan he leitha dur leh biofertilizer pawlh hi zung zawnah pawlh tur a ni. Thlai naran tan chuan lei hnawng chin hma chiahin theh darh a, chawhpawlh tur a ni. Fu atan chuan, khuar (furrow) siam a, chutah chuan leitha dur chawhpawlh sa chu phun atana ni 30 - 40-ah a zung bulah pawlh a, lei-a vur leh tur a ni. Alu atan chuan, chin hnu ni 20 ah emaw lei chawhphut hunah emaw pawlh tur a ni. Fu leh Alu atan chuan, a chi phun/chin tur chu thli venhimna lam chi a ven a la nih loh chuan biofertilizer leh lei dur pawlh chu phun hma in lei laih khuar (furrows) ah chuan pawlh tur a ni.




Biofertilizer hman kawnga fimkhur tulna te :




(1) Leitha (biofertilizer) fun te chu hmun hul leh ro, nisa leh lumin a thlen lohna ah dah tur a ni.

(2) Biofertilizer te chu hman dawnah chauh hawna hman zawh nghal vek tur a ni.

(3) Biofertilizer te leh thlai chi enkawl tawhte chu thlai venhimna damdawi emaw damdawi hmanga leitha siam chawp te nen hman pawlh loh tur a ni.

(4) Thlai chi te chu thlai venhimna (fungicides) te nena enkawl tur a nih chuan, thlai venna chi (Bavistin, Thiram) te chuan enkawl phawt a, chumi hnuah biofertilizer hman tur zat let hnih vel chuan pawlh leh tur a ni.

(5) Thlai chi enkawl leh biofertilizer leitha nena pawlh te chu hmun daihlimah chauh tih tur a ni.

(6) Thlai chi hran tana hman tur bik, biofertilizer chauh hman tur a ni a, tin, a fun te chu a nun hun chhung ngeia hman zawh tur a ni.




Biofertilizer hmang chang

Thlai chin tur	Biofertilizer hman tur leh a zat
(1) Dal lam chi - Moong, Urd, Behliang, Behlawi Lentil, Be, Bekawm nei, Bean, Badam, Bekang Lucerne, Berseem leh Nitrogen siam thei thlai dang te.	Rhizobium 200 gms leh Phosphatika 200 gms. chawhpawlh chu thlai chi Kg. 10 zel atan.
(2) Nitrogen siam lo chi thlai: Wheat, Tlangram Buh, Barley, Vaimim, LaBekang, Bawrhsaiabe, Antam, Nihawi, Niger etc.leh thlai dang chi chin chi.	Azotobacter 200 gms leh Phosphatika 200 gm pawlh thlai chi Kg. 10 zel atan.
3) Jute (Ziza)	Azotobacter 200 gms leh Phosphatika 200 gm pawlh thlai chi Kg. 10 zel atan.
(4) Thlai hel ei chi :Tomato, Bawkbawn,Hmarchapui, Parbawr, Zikhlum leh thlai dang phunsawn chi.	Azotobacter 1 Kg leh Phosphatika 1 Kg pawlh thlai tiak zung chiah ah acre khat zel atan.
5) Phaizawl a buh phunsawn chi	Azospirillum 2 Kg leh Phosphatika 2 Kg acre khat zel atan. Buh zung chu darkar 8 - 12 chiah tur
(6) Alu, Sawhthing, Aieng Bal leh tlangram buh	Azotobacter emaw Azospirillum emaw 4 kg leh Phosphatika 4 kg acre khat atan. Hei hi leitha dur 100 - 200 kg nen pawlh tur a ni.
(7) Sumchang thlai :Thingpui, Coffee Rubber, Theihmu leh thei kung te	Acre khat atan 2 - 3 kg Azotobacter chaw Azospirillum emaw leh 2 - 3 kg Phosphatika te chu leitha dur 200 kg nena pawlh a,leiah pawlh tur a ni. Hetiang chawhpawlh hi kumkhatah vawi 2 3 thla 4 - 6 kar danah siam thin tur a ni.
(8) Fu	Acetobacter 5 kg tui tam tawka pawlh a, chutah chuan Fu chang chin tur te chu chiah tur.




PHAIRAM BUH ATAN BLUE GREEN ALGAE LEH AZOLLA BIOFERTILIZER




BLUE GREEN ALGAE (BGA) : Blue green algae te hi thil nung te chi zinga mi, tui chimna hmuna Nitrogen hman theiha siam theitu pawimawh tak an ni. Buh hmunah te chuan, tui chungah thil phuan zam darh nasa tak, a hring pawl deuh te, a hring leh a dum hring deuh leh a dum uk deuh te’n an lang nuai nuai thin. Blue Green Algae (BGA) thenkhat chu thil mum lang tlang thei deuh, te reuh te a awm chuan, Nitrogen Kg. 20 - 30 vel hectare khat zelah an siam thei. A naranin, Blue Green Algae te hi tam tawk an awm ngai lova, chuvang chuan, Blue Green Algae leitha (biofertilizer) hman hi a tul em em a ni. Blue Green Algae biofertilizer siam dan hi awlsam em em a, tu pawhin an in zir deuh chuan an hman tur chu a in siam thei a ni.




Blue Green Algae leitha hman tur siam dan :




A hmanrua te : Thir thleng dar emaw khur lian deuh, huan lei, chinai thi, Single Super Phosphate, Malathion leh Blue Green Algae chi nung tlem.

• Khur ft. 6 sei, ft. 3 a zau leh inches 8 - 9 a thuk hi hmun thawveng deuh vah laih a, chu chu sarang (polythene) in chhung lamah tuam vek tur a ni. Hemi a nih loh pawhin G.I. plate thleng dar hemi khur ang tiat vel emaw RCC tank emaw siam tur a ni.

• Lei Kg 6 - 8, 100 gm. chinai leh 200 gm. Single Super Phos- phate te chutah chuan dah tur a ni.

• Chumi hnuah tui inches 4 - 5 vel leih luh, Blue Green Algae chi nung te chu khur khat zelah 200 gm. vel telh tur a ni.

• Kar tinin Malathion 5 ml. vel leih luh ziah tur a ni a, Ni 15 - 20 chhungin khurah te chuan Blue Green Algae an lo insiam tawh ang.

• Khurte chu nisaah ro tura dah leh phawt a, a ro hnuah heng patek ro (BGA) te hi lak khawm tur a ni. Heng te hi sarang ipah dahin buh hmunah te leitha atan a hman theih tawh a ni.




A hman dan : Blue Green Algae leitha Kg. 5 - 10 (a chi hman tur lei awm zat a zirin) hi hectare khat atan a tawk a. Blue Green Algae chi hman tur te chu lei Kg 10 - 20 emaw thing zaina nawi nen emaw pawlh a, buh chinna hmunah phunsawn hnu ni 7 - 10 velah theh darh tur a ni.




Fimkhur tulna te : Blue Green Algae hman dawn chuan buh hmunah chuan tui tam tawk a awm tur a ni a. Heng tui hi ni 60 chhung chu luangral lo tura dah reng tur a ni. Chutilochuan Blue Green Algae chi te chu a len bo vek anga, a hlawkna hmuh tur a awm lovang.




AZOLLA A HRING A LEITHAA HMAN




Tui a awm katchat chi khat Azolla hi Nitrogen siam thei tu Blue Green Algae chikhat (Anabeana azollae) nen inringtawn a nung an ni a. Phaizawl buh hmunah te a hringa leiṭha a hmang theih a ni. Heng ho hian Nitrogen Kg. 30 hectare khat zelah a tlem berah an siam thei a, a tam lamah chuan Kg 60 hectare khat zelah an siam thei. Ram ṭhenkhat Vietnam leh China ah te chuan Azolla te hi leiṭha atan an hmang nasa tawh em em a. India ah erawh chuan la hman lar vak a la ni lo.




A awm theihna te : Asia Sub-Continent ah hian Azolla hi dilah te, khuar tuitlinna hmunah te an awm ber ṭhin a. A hmuh awlsam ber chi Anabaena pinnata bakah hian a ṭha deuh zawk Anabaena caroliniana te Azolla hybrid te hi chu zirchianna hmun aṭangin emaw Central Rice Research Institute hian kumtluanin a kuiṭiahna hmunah dahin an siam chhuak reng thei a ni.




A chin pun dan leh a hman dan :

• Huanah emaw a kuina tur khuar (bed) 5 emaw 6 vel 5m x 1.5m a lian leh 15 cm a thuk siam la.

• Sq. m khat zel atan Azolla thar lam 400 gm vel la la, chu chu Single Super Phosphate 10 - 15 gm vel nen pawlh la, i khuar siamah chuan theh darh rawh.

• Ni 15 - 20 velah I khuar siam chungah te chuan Azolla chu a lo ṭo khat vek tawh ang. Sq.m khat zelah Azolla 2-2.5 Kg vel a thar theih a ni.

• Hemi hnu hian khuarte chu siam belh la, a hma ang bawkin Azolla te chu ching leh rawh. Hetiang ang zel hian huan pumpui chu khuar (bed) ah theh darh zel la. Azolla te hi ching darh zel rawh. Hectare khat atan Azolla ton 2 vel hi a chi atan a mamawh a, chin hnu ni 15 - 20 ah chuan Azolla ton 10 - 20 vel i lo thar thei ang.

• Tunah chuan Azolla te chu i buh/thlai chinna tur hmunah tak chuan dah la, buh ṭiak te chu phunsawn tawh rawh.

• Phunsawn hnu ni 7 - 10 velah Azolla tharlam hectare khatah Kg. 500 zelin dah belh leh rawh.




 Hetiang hian Azolla leh Buh te chu indipdal lovin an ṭo za thei a ni. Azolla hman a lo nih hian buh hian hectare khat zelah Kg. 50 - 60 vel in a thar hlawk phah thei a ni.




LEITHA DUR SIAM KAWNGA THILNUNG TE TE PAWIMAWHNA




Leiṭha dur siam dan : Damdawi bawlhlo tel lohna hnawmhnawk leh ṭawih te hi thilnung aṭanga Carbon siamtu ṭha tak an ni a, mahse heng thil te hian thlai chaw ṭha an pai tlem em em a. Chuvangin leiṭha a hman nghal mai chi an ni lem lova, chumi hma in ṭha taka tih ṭawih a, dur a siam phawt an ngai a ni. Tih ṭawih dan emaw leidur siam dan hi thilnung te reuh te te bacteria, hmuar lam chi hote, Actinomycetes te leh Protozoans ho te’n an eitur an siam dan kawng aṭanga an tihsawm avanga lo awm a ni a. Heng thil nung te ho hi anmahni in boruak emaw, tuiah emaw, leiah emaw an lo awm mai a, mahse an hnathawh tichak leh zual tur chuan dah belh a ngai a ni. Lei dur siam dan hi boruak awmna leh awm lohna ah a awm thei ve ve na a, boruak awmna aṭanga siam hi a lar zawk a ni.




Lei dur siam dawn a thil pawimawh te :

A vum/khuar len zawng	- A vum atan 1.5m a sang leh 2.5 a zau, Khuar atan 1.5 m zau, 1.5m a sei leh 1m a thuk
Hnawm hman tur len zawng	2 - 3” a sei a tan chhum tur
Hnawm inpawlh turte	Tuiin a chiah huh thlai thi ṭawihleh mihring leh ran ek tharlam
C/N ratio	Hei hi 25-35 inkara siam turin Nitrogen awm tamna emaw Nitrogen leiṭha siamchawp pawlh belh tur.
A hnawn lam	50-60 vel a hnawng a ni tur a ni.
Temperature	Siam tirh ni 3 chhung chu 50-60℃ a dah tur. A tlangpuiin a lum lam hi a tawk turin a mahni a insiam mai ṭhin.
pH control	A tlangpuiin siam a ngai lo.
Tih chet dan tur	Vawi 2-3 chawh leh a ngai fo.
Lei dur siam ti chak tur	Hemi atan hian cellulolytic chi hman a ngai.
A chakna tipai tam tur	Thlai chaw ṭha (P&N) pai tam tir turin rock phosphate te,phosphate siamtu leiṭha te Azotobacter leiṭha te hman a ngai.




Leiṭha dur siamtu thil nungte te pawimawhna te :




 Thil tih ṭawih dan hi thil nung te te siam dan nena inkaihhnawih tlat a nih avangin, hnawmhnawk a thil nung te te awm te hi an pawimawh em em a. Heng thil nung te hi tam tawk an awm a, thil pawimawh dang te a awm ṭhat bawk chuan, lei dur siam hi kar 4-5 thlengin a tichakin thlai chaw ṭha pawh an pai tam bik ṭhin. Kan hman lar ber Bawngek leh ran dang ek leh zun te hian heng thil nung te hi pai hnem hle mahse, zirchianna aṭangin leidur siam thei thilnung dangte pawlh belh hian leidur ṭha zawk a siam bakah a siam chhung a rei lo zawk bawk tih an report a ni.




 Lei dur siam kawnga hman chi thil nung chi hrang hrang te hi hmnu hnihah ṭhen an ni a :

(a) Lei dur siam ti chak tu	i) Cellulolytic
	ii)Lignolytic
(b) Lei dur chakna pai tam tir tu	i)Phosphorous hman theihna siamtu
	ii)Nitrogen siamtu




(a) Leidur siam tichaktu : Thlai thi ṭawih khawm velah hian a tam zawk hi Cellulose leh Hemicellulose a ni a, heng hi phel darh harsa tak tak an ni a, heng thil phel darh ṭhen hrang thei thilnung chi hrang hrang te hi zir chiang turin enchhinna tam tak neih a ni tawh a, chung zingah chuan,Trichoderma te, Penicillium te, Aspergillus te, Trichurus te leh Paecilliomyces chi hote hian leidur siam kawngah an pui nasa in kar li vel laiin a siam hun chhung an ti tawi thei bawk tih an hmuhchhuak a ni.




Heng zingah hian Trichoderma viride leh Aspergillus awamorii te hi leidur siam ti chak tur a zawrh chhuah zinga mi an ni.




Leidur chakna pai tam tir tu : Leidur te hi chakna (Thlaichaw) pai tam tir tur chuan hmuar aṭanga siam phosphate hman mai theih a siamtu (Phosphatika) te, Nitrogen siamtu leiṭha (Azotobacter) te hi hman a pawimawh em em a-Phosphatika hman tur chi, Aspergillus niger/Aspergillus awamorii pai tel te hi rock phosphate, a ngai anga hman chi nen pawlhin rock phosphate a awm phosphorous hman theih loh chu hman theihin a siam a, leidur chuan phosphorous a lo pai tam phah ṭhin. Khuar a leidur siam a vawikhat leh kual zawh a Azotobacter chi pawlh pawh hian an inthlahpung thuai a, lei tuamtu boruak aṭangin Nitrogen an siam belh thei ṭhin. Hetia Nitrogen




Thil nung lo pawlh chi (Mineral additives) pawimawhna :




 Thlai chaw, thil nung lo chi Nitrogen leh Phosphorous te lei dur siam kawnga an pawimawhna hi kan hriat fo tawh a ni a. A tlangpuiin thil nung te te hnathawk ti chak turin CN leh CP ratio tih tlem nan kan telh fo ṭhin. A hma deuh chuan Urea leh SSP te hman lar ṭhin a ni a, mahse, tun hnu a tuaihnum loh chi phosphate te a lo tlawm zawk takah hian, SSP hi hman lar a lo ni ta a ni. Damdawi hmanga Nitrogen siamsa mamawh zat chu leidur a siam tur CN ratio a zirin a tamin a tlem a. Rock phosphate erawh hi chu 10%-20% in leidur a phosphorous mamawh zat a zirin telh mai tur a ni.




Leidur, thlai chaw pai tam siam dan : Sawi tawh angin leidur siam dan hi chi hnih awm a, boruak telna siam, Indore method an tih hi a siam chhung a rei loh bakah hnawmhnawk hman te avaiin a ṭawih ral vek a, rimchhia a nei lova, natna siam thei thil nung leh hnim chi te a tibo vek bawk a, chuvangin a remchangin a awlsam zawk a ni.




A siam dan leh mamawh te chu :




Hnawm ton khat zel a hmanraw mamawh te :

1.Hnawm	Buhpawl, Thing/Hnimhnah ilo ran dah nana hman, Tuipangpar (Water hyacinth), hnim leh hnah sin chi.
2.Ran ek/Zun	Bawngek tharlam etc Kg. 100-200
3.Thingzai nawi	Kg.10-a awm chuan.
4.Urea	Kg.5-10
5.Rock Phosphate	Kg.10-100, Phosphorous mamawh dan a zirin.
6.Thilnung te te	(a)Celluloids ṭhendarhtu (T.V) - Kg. 1 (b)Phosphate man mai theiha siam tu - Kg. 1 (c)Azotobacter chi - Kg. 1




A siam dan :

A rang chi a leidur siam dan hi chi 2 a awm a :

(a) Chhun vumin

(b) Khur siamin




 Chhun vum chi hi a chak zawk a, kar 8 - 9 a duh ber a, mahse luangral mai mai atam avangin 50% vel chauh hmuh/thar chhuah a ni ber.




 Khur siam chi hi chuan kar 12 vel a mamawh a, a thar tam lam chu 60 - 65% vel a ni.




A siamna hmun thlan : Leidur siamna tur hmun chu sang deuh leh tui hul ṭha tak a ni tur a ni a, tuiin a chiahin hmunah te khur chu laih loh tur a ni.




Chhun vum dan :




1. Khuar ft. 6 a zau, ft. 6 a sei leh ft. 1 leh a chanve a thuk te laih tur.

2. Buhpawl/hnimhnah ilo leh ran chaw te chu tawi te te a channawi tur.

3. Heng hmanrua ton 1 zelah hian, bawngek tharlam Kg. 100 - 200 a tawk.

4. Bawngek Kg. 50 - 100 vel leh leidur siam thei - Trichoderma viride Kg. 1 te chu tui litre 200 vel nen tank ah dah la, chawhpawlh la, a chung a hnimhnah chansawm te hi pawlh bawk rawh. Darkar 12 - 24 chiah la, tui a tlem chuan pawlh belh rawh.

5. A tukah chuan bawngek tharlam, Kg. 50 - 100, Urea Kg. 5 leh rock phosphate Kg. 10 - 100 chu tui litre 50 - 60 velah a diak turin chawhpawlh rawh.

6. Chutianga chiah tawh chu tank aṭang chuan la chhuak la, khuarah chuan lei zawl thlengin dah lut rawh. Ţha takin nem muk la, a chhungah Bawngek la bang zawng a diak a i siam chu leih lut rawh.

7. I thil chiah chu ft. 1 a chhahin la dah belh leh la, bawngek diak hmunkhat vel chu leih leh rawh.

8. I thil chiah bang zawng chuan chhunvum, lei aia ft. 4 a sangin siam la, bawngek diak chu leih leh rawh.

9. I chhunvum chu tarpoulin emaw sarangin emaw tuam la, emaw Leidiakin zut chhuak vek la, khawi maw laiah a khat tawkin boruak luh nan ti kua ang che.

10. Ni 15 naah a khuhna chu hlip/ti chhia la, a chhunga awm zawng zawng chu chawhpawlh turin chawk let ang che. Chumi zawhah a ngai bawkin in vum siam la, khuh ṭha leh ang che. Hemi pawlh lai hian Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganism Kg. 1 leh Azotobacter Kg. 1 telh bawk rawh.

11. Ni 20 hnuah a hma ang khan chawh pawlh leh la, khuh ṭha leh rawh.

12. Thla hnih hnuah chuan leiṭha dur chu peih a lo ni tawh ang.




Khuar siam dan :

1) Khuar, a len zawng 1 - 2m x 1m x 1m chu brick leh cement in siam la.

2) Khuar thuk lam chu ft. 3 a lei aia hniam leh ft. 1 a lei aia sang a ni tur a ni.

3) Hnawmhnawk hman tur tih nawisa chu bawngek leh Trichoderma viride nen chuan pawlh la, hemi rual hian rock phosphate hman tur zat nen pawlh nghal rawh.

4) Khuar te chu thil chawhpawlh chuan ft. 1 vela chhahin chhung la, bawngek diak leh Urea pawlh chuan a chunah luan zel rawh.

5) Hetiang zel hian lei a ft. 1 aia a san thlengin chhung lut la, a thuk zawng hawlh tlangin mau tlawn tlem thun lut rawh.

6) Khuarte chu chirhdiakin zut vek la,mau tlawn te chu darkar 24 hnuah boruak luhna turin phawi rawh.

7) Ni 20 - 25 hnuah chawk let la, Phosphate Solubilizing Micro-Organism leh Azotobacter chi te chu telh rawh.

8) Ni 35 - 40 velah chawk let leh rawh.

9) Thla thum hnuah leiṭha dur chu hman theih a ni tawh ang.




BIOFERTILIZER ŢHA ZAWK SIAM CHHUAH DAN




 Thlai tan a chaw ṭha siam thei tu, thilnung te te te hman mai theih leh laksawn zung zung theih tur a bacteria emaw hmuar lam chi te aṭanga siam an ni ber a. Heng te hi thlai ṭhat nana hman emaw, leidur siam nan a hman emaw chuan thlai chaw ṭha hrang hrang an siam chhuak thei a ni. Biofertilizer ṭha tak te chuan heng te hi an ei ngei tur a ni :




(a) Leiṭha te chu laksawn awlsam tak, thil nung te te pai hnem thei tak an ni tur a ni.

(b) Leiṭha te hian hnawng 30 - 50% tal an pai tur a ni.

(c) Leiṭha hnawngah chuan thil nung te te 10⁶ - 10⁹ cells/gms an nei tur a ni.

(d) Thil nung dang, a ṭhatna tibo thei chi te an awm tur a ni lova, a nih loh vek chuan, tichhe thei khawpin an tam tawk tur a ni lo.

(e) Rhizobium leiṭha te chuan Rhizobium chi tam tawk, Nitrogen siamna bawk te te siam thei khawpa tam an nei tur a ni a, a tlem berah Nitrogen 10 - 15 mg; gram khat zel a Carbon awmna an hmanah an siam thei tur a ni. Lei a Phosphorous hman theih loh te pawh tam ṭha deuhin hman theihin an siam tur a ni.

(f) Hman hmaa rei tak dahṭhat theih an ni tur a ni bawk.

A chunga leiṭha nihphung hrang hrang nei tur chuan a hnuaia siam dan kawng te hi a pawimawh em em a ni :

(a) Thilnung te te (Micro-organism) hman turte dah hran.

(b) Thilnung chi ṭha zawk leh tam zawk siam chhuah.

(c) Leiṭha hman tur thilnung puitling tam tak paisa.




Thilnung hman tur thliar hran a dah hran :




 Leiṭha (biofertilizer) te thlai chinna hmun hlawhtling taka hmang tur chuan a chi hmanah fimkhur a ngai em em a. Chi nungte chuan thlai behchhan bik leh hna thawh dan kawng bik an neih bakah, leiah leh thlai zung bul velah te an inthlahpung thei tur a ni. Tin, thlai chinna tur hmun a thilnung lo awmsa te lakah an dam khawchhuak thei tur a ni bawk. India ram hmun hrang hranga Agriculture Universities te, Conventional Universities te, ICAR te leh pawl dang te’n heng thil nung chi ho te hi zirchianga, dah hrang turin an bei mek a ni. Kum 50 kal ta ah khan thilnung chi hrang hrang leiṭha hmanna atana ṭangkai hote chu zirchian an ni tawh a, chung te chu loneitute’n leiṭha siam nan an hmang mek reng a ni.




A siam pun dan : Thilnung te te te tam zawk a siam chhuak tur chuan heng thil nung te hi an nun chhuahna atana hmun ṭha tawk takah chin tur a ni a. Hetia ṭha taka chin pun an lo nih hian, a tihdarh nana pawlh tur chi nen pawlh a lo nih hian, a chi hman tura siam peih tawh 1 gram zelah an tam lam 106 - 109 cells a lo ni thei ṭhin. Hetianga siam chhuah dan hi Laboratory ah darthlalang bur te tak te te ah tih a ni ber a, a tam deuh tur chuan um ṭawihna hmun (fermentors) ah an ti ber ṭhin.




Chi thehdarhna atana hman tur thilnung chi nen a pawlh :




 Thil nung te te te an inthlahpun tur ang zat an lo thlen hnu chuan, a thehdarhna turin thil dang nen pawlh tur a ni. Heng pawlh tur te hian thilnung chi te chu thla 6 - 12 vel lai an vawng nung reng thei a ni. Hemi atan a thil pawimawh hmasa ber chu a pawlh tur ṭha tak thlan a ni. Hetiang lam zirchianna aṭanga a landanin, thil tam tak hman theihin a lang a. Chung zingah chuan, Leisen chi, Meihawl, Lignite, Meihawl leh Lei chawhpawlh, Meihawl leh FYM chawhpawlh, Vermiculite leh Keolin te hi heng chi nung te nena pawlh atan hian an ṭha em em a ni. An awm remchan dan leh a man a thuin a siamna hmun hrang hrang te hian chi hrang hrang an hmang a ni.




 Heng chi nung hman mai theih ho hi bacteria engmah pawlh loh, chi nung tam tak pai nena pawlh a, a dip nawi hnawng deuh a siam a, sarang ipah thunin loneitute hnenah pek mai theih a ni. A hmanrua a zirin, heng bacteria chi nung, tui a siam leh a pawlh tur te hi kutin emaw tih thianghlimna hmanrua nen emaw a pawlh mai tur a ni. Kuta pawlh chi hi chu an nun chhung a rei lova (thla 3 - 4) tihthianghlimna aṭanga siam erawh chu thla 6 - 12 chhung hman lohvin a dahṭhat theih. Hman deuh aṭang khan a tui chi te pawh an siam chhuak tawh a ni. A tui chi saidawium burah dah an ni ber a, bacteria chi nung a pai hnem zawkin a dah ṭhat theih hun chhung pawh a rei zawk bawk.




LEIŢHA HMANTLAK TAK SIAM DAN




 Leiṭha ṭha tak nei tur chuan, leiṭha ip te chuan thilnung chi ṭha tak leh tam tak an nei tur a ni a, mahse hetiang tur chuan Laboratory ah fimkhur taka siam a ngai a ni. Nimahsela, miin a duh chuan heng thil siam chhuah te hlutna chhut chhuak tur chuan a hnuaia mi ang hi zawmin a ti theih ang. Mahse, a ṭhatna/hlutna lam hawi chauh a ni tih hi hriat reng a pawimawh a, a nihna tak tak hmuchhuak tur chuan, a hmanrua leh a ken vel danin awmzia a nei em em a ni.




Leiṭha (biofertilizer) ṭhat leh ṭhat loh enchhin dan :

• Huan lei ṭha Kg. 4 - 5 vel la la, Pressure Cooker ah minute 30 - 40 vel ti thianghlim rawh. Chumi hnuah dah dai la, Pot (bel) lian vak lo parukah chhung lut rawh.

• Thlai chi chanve vel chu leiṭha mamawh zat tur nen chuan pawlh rawh.

• Pot (Bur) thumah chuan thlai chi leiṭha nena enkawl chu ching la, Pot dang pathumah chuan thlai chi hlang chauh ching rawh.

• Pot te chu pawn thawvengah dah la, nitin tui pe ziah rawh.

• Ni 30-40 hnu ah thlai te chu enchiang rawh.




Rhizobium : Nitrogen siam thei thlai chi te chu, an kawppui tur tak Rhizobium leiṭha nen pawlh la, chutianga thlai enkawl te chuan Nitrogen siamna turin a zungah bawk te te an siam tam bik bakah thlai ṭhan a ṭhain a lian zawk a, thlai chi enkawl loh te chuan bawk (nodule) an siam pawhin tlem te chauh an siam ṭhin a ni.




Azotobacter/Azospirillum : Nitrogen siam thei lo chi thlai chi (Vaimim ang te) te chu Azotobacter/Azospirillum leiṭha pawlh la, chutianga thlai enkawl te chu enkawl loh ai chuan an hrisel a, an hring hlap a, thlai buk rih zawng pawh a sang zawk ṭhin. Thlai chi heng leiṭha pek loh te chu an zang a, an hring dal rap thei.




 Leiṭha (biofertilizer) hlawhtling taka hmang tur chuan, a siamna hmun aṭanga uluk a ngaih bakah, a hmangtu tan pawh, a lei laiin emaw, a dahṭhat laiin emaw, a hman lai te in fimkhur a ngai hle a ni.




A hmangtu tan a fimkhur ṭulna te :




1. Leiṭha chi hmang tur te chu lei laiin a kawm/funna ah thil pawimawh, entirnan - a hming te, eng thlai ber atana hman tur nge tih te, a siamtu te hming leh address te, a siam ni te, a thih ni tur te, ho khat no te, leh a hman dan kawng hmangte a inziak ngei em tih chian fo tur a ni.

2. Leiṭha funte chu a thih hma ngeiin a hmanna tur thlaiah a kalhmang ang thlap a hman tur a ni.

3. Dahṭhat dawn chuan, fun te chu hmun ro leh dai nisa emaw lum emaw in a em nasat lohna ah dah ṭhat tur a ni.

4. Leiṭha hman tur leh leiṭha hmanga thlai chi enkawl tawh emaw leiṭha chi leh leidur chawhpawlh tawh te chu damdawi hmanga lei tihṭhatna leh thlai venhimna lam nen chawhpawlh loh tur.






Leiṭha hman hlawhtlin nana thil pawimawh te :

1. Leiṭha hman tur chuan thilnung chi ṭha tak tak leh tam tawk a pai tur a ni a, a ṭhatna tibo thei thilnung dang te a pai tel tur a ni lo.

2. Leiṭha chu a hman dan tur dik takin a la nun laiin a hun takah hman tur a ni.

3. Thlai chi enkawl nan chuan a tikai nghet deuh tur thil dang hman pawlh a ṭha.

4. Lei pangngai lo deuh, lei thur, al te emaw ah chuan Chinai thi a leithurna tihtlem emaw Chinai/Gypsum a thlai chi te chu enkawl phawt tur a ni.

5. Phosphorous leh thlai chaw dang te pek ṭhin bawk tur a ni.

Hlawhchhamna chhan ṭhenkhatte :

1. Leiṭha siam ṭhat loh hman vangin :

(a) Leiṭha chi ṭha lo hman vangin.

(b) Thilnung chi tam tawk loh vangin.

(c) A tichhetu thilnung dang tam vangin.

2. A dahṭhatna hmun a fimkhur tawk loh vangin :

(a) Hmun lum lutuk a dah vangin.

(b) Hmun hrisel lo a dah vangin.

3. Hman dan dik loh vangin :

(a) A hman tur zat bithliah anga hman loh vangin.

(b) A hman pawlh tur thil ban (adhesive) ṭhat loh vangin.

(c) Thlai venhimna damdawi nen a hman pawlh a nih vangin.

4. Lei leh boruak ṭhat tawk loh vangin :

(a) Lei sat lutuk leh ro lutuk vangin.

(b) Lei al lutuk/thur lutuk vangin.

(c) Phosphorous leh Molybdenum tlem vangin.

(d) Leia lo awmsa thil nung dang emaw bacteria ti chhe thei thil dang te vangin.

Loneitute hnena Leiṭha (biofertilizer) ṭhatna entir dan :

 Leiṭha hman hlutna loneitute hnena thehdarh tur chuan, mahni lo/huanah ngei enchhinna neih hi a hlawk ber a. A taka an hmuh chuan an ring nge nge ṭhin.

Entirchinna (Demonstration) siam nana a kaihhruaina te :

• Loneitu, hmasawn duhna rilru pu te tan acre chanve aṭanga khat vel thlang chhuak la.

• Enchhinna tur hmun thlan chu zawl rual tak, a lei ṭhat dan pawh rual khai tak a ni tur a ni.

• I hmun thlan chu teh la, hmun thum intiat ṭheuhah ṭhen rawh. I hmun ṭhen chu a len deuh chuan, Random Block Design hmangin, replication 3 leh treatment 3 siam rawh.

• Treatments :
  (1) Leiṭha hman lohna ah chuan 100% NPK mamawh ang zat hman tur.
  (2) Leiṭha (biofertilizer) hmanna turah chuan 75%N, 85% P2O5, 100%K leh Biofertilizer (Nitrogen leh Phosphorous atan).
  (3) A ṭhen thumna ah chuan 50% N, 75% P2O5, 100% K leh biofertilizer (Nitrogen leh Phosphorus atan).

• Thlai chi chin tur emaw thlai ṭiak emaw chu hmun thumah ṭhen la, a thlai khat chu a ngai ang angin control chin/phun turin dah hrang la, a bak zawng chu leiṭha chi (biofertilizer) te chuan pawlh rawh.

• Chin emaw phunsawn emaw chu chutianga enkawl zawh veleh chuan tih tur a ni. Thlai chi enkawl loh te chu ching/ phun hmasa la, chumi hnuah enkawl sa chu ching rawh.

• Thlai awm tawhsa ah leiṭha te chu hman a nih dawn chuan, thlai chi chutianga enkawl tawhsa ah te chuan leiṭha chi leh leidur pawlh sa te chu leiah pawlh la, control (chutianga enkawl loh) ah erawh chuan leidur hlang chauh pawlh rawh.

• Damdawi hmanga leitihṭhatna te chu a pangngai anga hman tur ni a. Biofertilizer hmanna ah erawh chuan tlem tlem pek tur zat bithliah aṭang chuan Nitrogen leh P2O5 chu ti tlem hret hret zel rawh.

• Chin hnuah chuan, I hmun ṭhen darh te chu chhinchhiah la, a theih chuan lei chhun pawnin emaw daidang rawh.

• Thlai enkawl dan pangngaiin enkawl chho rawh.

A enchhin dan tur :

 A hnuaia mite hi leiṭha hman ṭhat leh ṭhat loh enna tur a pawimawh te a ni:

(a) Chin hun ni 10 - 15 ah sq.m khat zel a thlai ṭiak % entur.

(b) Chin hnu ni 60 - 90 ah thlai hring leh ro a a rih zawng lak tur.

(c) Nitrogen siam chiah chuan Nitrogen siamna bawk te te tam leh tam loh en.

(d) A thar tam lam.

 A thar zawng zawng chhut chhuak tur chuan, i hmun daidanna aṭanga meter khat chin a thlai zuah in, a bak zawng chu la khawm vek rawh. Hemi atan hian 5m x 5m hmun aṭangin seng khawm rawh.

 I thlai seng khawm te chu a ro hnuah a hrang ṭheuhin tidarh la, an thar tam lam q/ha. chhinchhiah la, leiṭha chi hman loh na nen khaikhin rawh.

Thutlukna :

  Nitrogen siam thei (Be lam chi) thlai, Rhizobium leiṭha hmanna-ah chuan, i hmun ṭhen hran 3 te kha an thar tam lam a in an deuh vek chuan, Rhizobium leiṭha leh Phosphatika khan Nitrogen mamawh zat 50% vel leh P₂O₅ 15-25% vel a siam belh tihna a ni. Nitrogen siam lo chi thlaiah Azotobacter emaw Azospirillum te chu Phosphatika nena hman a nih chuan :

(a) Leiṭha chi leh 75% NPK hmanna a a thar zat chu control (engmah hman lohna) a a thar zat nen a in an emaw a san zawk a, leiṭha chi leh 50% NPK hmanna a a thar chu a chunga hmun hnih a a thar te aia a tlem zawk chuan, leiṭha chi hman chuan Nitrogen 25% aṭanga 30% chauh leh P₂O₅ 15% chauh a belh tihna a ni.

(b) Ţhen hran hmun tina a thar te chu a inzat deuh vek chuan, leiṭha chi hman chuan N 50% leh P₂O₅ 25% vel a siam belh tihna a ni.

(c) Leiṭha chi hmanna hmuna a thar te chu hman loh aia a tlem chuan leiṭha chi te chuan hna an thawk ṭha lo tihna a ni.

(d) Leiṭha chi te chu a tawk lo emaw, a thi tawh emaw, hmun lum lutukah an dah emaw vang a ni ang.

(e) A pawlh dan kawngah emaw, leiah emaw leiṭha chi hna thawhna dal thei thil a awm vang a ni ang.

Chutiang a lo nih chuan, Agriculture Department hnai ber a Officer te hrilh a, in harsatna te chu RBDC, Imphal ah zirchian tura thawn vat tur a ni.

NORTH EAST HUAM CHHUNGA BIOFERTILIZER HMAN DAN TUR

 Mumal taka biofertilizer hman ṭanna hi kum 10 liam ta vel aṭang chauh khan a ni a, chuta ṭang chuan a lo lar chho ta a ni. Kum 1989-90 vela hman ral zat ton 1 chauh kha tunah (2000-2001) chuan Metric Ton 100 chuang lai a lo ni ta a. Hetia a lo lar theihna chhan hi chu Loneitute tana zirhona buatsaih te, lo hmuna enchh- inna neih vangte leh Farmer’s Fair RDBC (Regional Biofertilizer Development Centre), Imphal in State Agriculture Department nena ṭangkawp a hma an lak ṭhin vangte a ni ber. A tihlar kawnga pawimawh ve tak pakhat, enchhinna (Demonstration) vawi 250 lai RDBC in emawAgril. Universities/Agriculture Departments/Hor- ticulture Departments/KVK ten tun kum riat ral ta chhunga an buatsaih ṭhin vang te a ni bawk. Heng enchhinna te hi loneitute huanah an thlai duhthlan ang hmanga tih ṭhin a ni. Tin, heng enchhinna te hi tualchhunga loneitute rilru hmin nana tih a ni ber avangin heng enchhinna hmun te hi mumal taka enkawl a ni ngai lova, amaherawh chu, biofertilizer hman ṭhatna chhutchhuahna a dal lem lo a ni.

 Heng enchhinna result aṭang te hian thlai hrang hrang a biofertilizer hman hlawhtlin leh hlawhtlin loh enna atan te, damdawi hmanga leitihṭhatna hman tel ṭhat leh ṭhat loh teh nan te leh thil nung te te te Nitrogen siamna tura hman ṭangkai kawngah a pawimawh em em a ni.

Enchhinna chungchang :

 Enchhinna te hi loneitute ram acre 1 vel ah ruahtui ringa tih a ni ber ṭhin a. Enchhinna hlawm khat zel hian treatment pahnih-biofertilizer hmanna leh hman lohna a nei zel. Ţhenkhatah chuan, biofertilizer ṭhat leh ṭhat loh te hi damdawi hmanga leitihṭhatna te nena hman pawlh hnu a chhut a ni ṭhin. Heng ah te hian treatment vawi 2 - 3 a awm thei, Entirnan: (T-1) 100%NPK chauh hmanna,(T - 2)75%N,100%P&K+biofertilizer leh (T-3)50%N,100%P&K leh biofertilizer te. Thlai chi, chi hrang hrang hman te pawh a hmun a zirin a inang lo thluah a, State Agriculture Department ten an chhut dan ang zelin hmun hrang hrang a thlai chi hman tur zat pawh a inang lo a ni. Hmun ro lutuk naah chuan thlai dam chhuahna tur chuauhin tui te pawh pek an ni. Heng aṭanga a thar chhuak te chu hectare khata quintal ang zel a chhut a ni bawk.

Enchhinna aṭanga hmuhchhuahte :-
Azospirillum leiṭha hman ṭhatpuina te :

Buh: Buhin Azospirillum leh phosphate siamtute a ṭhatpui leh ṭhatpui loh enchhinna hi (A tirah damdawi a lei tihṭhatna hmang tel lovin, Urea tlemte chu buh len hnuah pek a ni) Assam leh Manipur District hrang hrangah te tih a ni bawk. Enchhinna tlem chu Sikkimah pawh neih a ni bawk. Heng enchhinna aṭangte a a lan danin buh hian hetianga enkawl hi a tlem berah 2% leh a tam lamah 43% in enkawl loh hmunte aiin a thar hnem zawk a ni. Enchhinna 29 aṭangin, 50% aia tamin 25% in a thar hlawk phah a, 21% enchh- inna ah chuan 10-15% in a thar chhuak a ni. Heng aṭang te hian lei thur vang emaw tuiin a chim reng vanga boruak tlemna hmunah te pawh Buh leh Azospirillum inlaichinna hi a tlem chuang vak lo nia ngaih a ni. A hlawk leh hlawk loh chhutna tura biofertilizer hman man leh a thar hlawk zawng khaikhin aṭangin biofertilizer hman chu a renchem zawk a ni, a bik takin loneitu, damdawi hmanga lei tihṭhatna hmang ve zo lo te tan a ṭangkai leh zual a ni. Enchhinna ṭhenkhat, 25-50% a tlem a damdawi bawlhlo a Nitrogen siam hmanna (Nitrogen hman zat tur chu Kg. 15-30/ha in a tlem tihna) ah chuan Azospirillum leh phosphate Solubilizing Micro-organism) hman tel a ni a. (Phosphorus leh Potassium hman tur zat erawh chu a ngai a ni) heta ṭanga hmuhchhuah danin biofertilizer a enkawlte chuan Nitrogen 15-30Kg/ha an siam belh a, a thar pawh NPK hlang hmanna aiin a tam zawk a ni. Nitrogen 25% a tlem pekna hmun zawng zawng chuan an thar hlawk phah vek a ni.

Vaimim: Biofertilizer (Azospirillum + Phosphatika) hman a nihin 8-15% a pung hi Vaimin thar ah hmuh a ni. Nitrogen 25% leh 50% a pek tlemna-ah chuan biofertilizer hman hian 25% tluk Nitrogen a siam chhuak a. Mahse 50% tluk Nitrogen pek chhuahna chu enchhinna 40% velah chauh hmuh chhuah a ni.

Azotobacter leiṭha hmanṭhat puinate :

Wheat : Tripura a enchhinna an neih aṭangin, Azotobacter nena enkawlte chuan 4-17% in a enkawl loh (Control) aiin a thar tam tih hmuhchhuah a ni. Nitrogen pek tur aia tlem peknaah pawh he Nitrogen pek tlem 25% (Hmun hnihah) leh 50% (hmun li ah) chu Azotobacter hman vangin hmuhchhuah leh a ni a, tin, a thar pawh 100% NPK hman lohna aiin a tam zawk bawk.

Anṭam chi ho : Heng thlai chi te pawh hian Azotobacter a enkawl hi an ngeih hle a, Loneitute tihdan phung pangngaia (N 25 kg, P&K tello) aiin 7-9% in a thar hlawk a ni. Damdawi tel Nitrogen pek zat tur aia tlem pekin Azotobacter te chuan 25% in he Nitrogen pek tlem hi an khuh leh thei tih enchhinna zawng zawng aṭangin hmuh a ni.

Alu : Kum 1994 - 2000 chhung khan Alu ah hian enchhinna Hmarchhak bial hmun hrang 45-ah neih a ni a, chung zinga 22 ah te chuan leiṭha dang hman tur te a ngai anga hmangin, ṭhenkhatah chauh Azotobacter + PSM hman tel a ni a, biofertilizer hmanna 92% ah te chuan a thar a tam zawk a. 70% dawn laiah chuan 5% in emaw a aia tamin emaw a thar hlawk bawk. Alu atana chhinchhiah tur chu biofertilizer te chu lei nen a pawlh a hman a ni. Chuvangin a senso zat pawh a sang a, (a tlangpuiin Rs. 800/ha-1). A hlawk tham a ti tur chuan 5q/ha-1 emaw a aia tam emaw thar a ngai a ni. Biofertilizer hman hi hun rei zawk ngaihtuaha leiṭha thil nung dangte an hlawkpuina chu thudang nise, heng enchhinnaah pawh hian a thar chu 5q/ha. aiin a tam vek a, hei hian Azotobacter ṭangkaina a ti lang chiang em em a ni.

 Enchhinna aṭangin, Nitrogen hman tur zat aia tlem hmanna (75% leh 50%) leh 100% Nitrogen hmanna te (Kg. 60/ha-1) khaikhinah Azotobacter hman hian heng Nitrogen hman zat tur zawng zawng 25% chu a siam belh tih hmuhchhuah a ni bawk.

Table - 8 : North East chhunga thlai hrang hrangin biofertilizer an hlawkpuina te :

Table - 9 : Damdawi hmang chi Nitrogen chi hnih a tihtlemna + biofertilizer leh NPK hlang pekna pekna, a thar khaikhinna.

Thlai hnah/rah ei chi (vegetable) - Zikhlumah chuan Nitrogen 75% leh biofertilizer hman kawp chiah enchhinna 80% ah thar hlawk zawk a pe a. A pun zat hi Nitrogen 75% nen chuan 2-28 vel a ni a, Nitrogen 50% nen chuan 2-8% vel a ni. Hmun thumah erawh chuan a thar lam chu hman lohna nen a inang a, 50% Nitrogen+ Biofertilizer-ah phei chuan a tlem zawk a ni. Hetiang chiah hi parbawrah pawh hmuh a ni a, Biofertilizer hman chuan 50% Nitrogen siamchhuak lo mahse, 25% vel chu a siam thei a ni. Tomato-ah chuan 25% Nitrogen leh bawkbawnah 50% Nitrogen an siam thei a, heng vang hian control (hmanlohna) aiin a thar hlawk zawk a ni.

Nitrogen siam thei thlaiin Rhizobium an hlawkpui na te :

Be :- Be (bekawm ei chi) hi Assam leh Tripura, Mizoram, Manipurah te hmun 26-ah enchhinna neih a nia. Be pawh hian heng enchhinna aṭang hian Biofertilizer hman chu an hlawkpui hle tih hmuhchhuah a ni. Kum 1997 - 98 ah khan enchhinna 12 neiin chungah te chuan treatment hnih (2) hman a ni a, (100% N leh 75% N + Biofertilizer). Heng aṭang hian Biofertilizer hmanna te chuan thar tam zawk an pe a, 50% enchhinnaah chuan 15% an thar hnem a, tin Nitrogen pek tur ai 25% vel a siam chhuak bawk.

Dal enchhinna zawng zawngah pawh thar tam zawk hmuh a ni vek a. Enchhinna zawng zawng 94%-ah 10% in a thar a pung a, chung zinga 65% te chuan 20% in emaw a aia sangin emaw control aiin a thar hlawk. Bean enchhinna 89% ah a thar a pung tih hmuh a ni leh bawk a, chung zinga 67% ah te chuan 5-15% in a thar a pung a, 24%-ah 15% in a thar a pung bawk.

Bekang, Badam, Behliang, Moong (Dal), Bean lian chi, Chana ah te pawh Biofertilizer hman hian a thar tam tir a. Enchhinna 72%-ah te chuan 10% a pung an thar a, 30%-ah te chuan 5 - 10% in a pung thung.

Khaikhawmna :

 Tun kum sarih (7) liamta chhung khan thlai chi hrang hrangah Biofertilizer ṭhatna enchhin a ni a. 98% aia tam te chuan Biofertilizer hman hi an hlawkpui tih hmuhchhuah a ni. Chung zinga 60% (Non-Legumes) leh 80% (Legumes) te chuan 10% emaw a aia tam emaw an thar. Enchhinna ṭhenkhat, Nitrogen in ang lo ṭheuh va peknaah te chuan, Biofertilizer te hian 25 - 50% thlengin heng Nitrogen pek tlem zat hi a hmuchhuak leh thei a. Hei hi 100% NPK hmanna a thar zat nen tehkhin a ni.

Tlangkawmna :

 India hmarchhak hmun hrang hrang, lei leh sik leh sa inang lo tak tak aṭanga enchhinna aṭangin thlai chi hrang hrang ten Biofertilizer hman an hlawkpui tih hmuhchhuah a ni a. Heng Biofertilizer chi hman te hi a tlangpuiin pawn lam aṭanga lei a ni ber a, mahse, North East huamchhung ngei aṭangin tualchhunga chi ṭha zawk hmuhchhuah tuma beih mek a ni.

 Hetianga Biofertilizer chi ṭha zawk neih theih hunah chuan hun rei zawk daih tur leh man tlawm zawkin loneitute tan tam tham zawk siamchhuah theih beisei a ni.